The contribution of Buddhism to Chinese literature, art and science and technology

The contribution of Buddhism to Chinese literature, art and science and technology

Daojian, lecturer at China Buddhist College

A Buddhism and Chinese Literature

Buddhism has brought new style, new artistic conception, and new destiny and word selection to Chinese literature, which has brought about major changes in both form and content.In terms of form, Buddhism is about regular poetry and common literature (Including rap literature, popular novels, operas, etc. )The emergence of the literati plays a direct role; in terms of content, it advocates viewing the impermanence, suffering and emptiness in life, and knowing the transformation and transformation in the universe, thus opening up new artistic conception and surreal imagination for literati and showing a strong romantic color.

(one ) The Formation of Buddhist Translation Literature

From the end of the Han Dynasty to the Western Jin Dynasty, An Shigao, Zhilou Jiachen, Zhu Fahu and others adopted the method of literal translation to translate Buddhist scriptures, "The debate is not bright, the essence is not wild." (《Biography of the Great Monk of Song Dynasty·Biography of An Shigao" )Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Buddhist scripture translators have gradually created a new genre that integrates Huafan - translation literature, which has opened up a new garden for the history of Chinese literature.For example, the "Vimalakirti Sutra", "Lotus Sutra", and "Mahaprajna Paramita" translated by the master Kumarajiva of Yao Qinshi, are translated by the master of the translation of the scriptures of Kumarajiva. The translations are grand and beautiful, with clear and clear meanings, and are loved by literati of all generations. They are often studied as pure literary works and have a great influence on the literary world.The "Avatamsaka Sutra" translated by Buddha Bhadharata and others is magnificent and magnificent.Tan Wuchen translated the "Sutra of the Buddha's Praise", which tells the story of Sakyamuni Buddha's life, and is a biography in the form of rhyme.The two Buddhist scriptures, "The Great Blessed Buddha's Avatamsaka Sutra" and "The Buddha's Praise Sutra" have a strong literary color and have a great influence in the history of literature.Since the Han and Wei dynasties in China, prose and rhyme have increasingly embarked on the path of parallelism. At this time, Buddhist scripture translators translated scriptures in simple and easy vernacular style, but only seek to be easy to understand without adding algae. This new style played an important role in changing the stylistic direction of Chinese literature at that time and profoundly influenced the literary development of future generations.

Buddhist scriptures attach importance to formal layout and structure. For example, "The Sutra of the Buddha's Praise", "The Sutra of the Buddha's Original Practice", "The Sutra of the Universal Avatar", etc. are Buddhist long stories with rich content, touching plot, and meticulous characters, which have a certain impact on the creation of later long stories."Xu Lai Sutra" and other works are novel works, and "Vimalakirti's Sutra" and "Siyi Brahma Asked by" are semi-novel and semi-dramatic works. These forms and genres were basically not available before the Tang Dynasty in China.The translation of the above Buddhist scriptures has an inspiration, inspiration and promotion role in the emergence and prosperity of later generations of Tanci, Pingdian, novel and opera.

When preaching doctrines, Buddhist scriptures often use easy-to-understand metaphors, that is, they use rich storylines to show problems related to the universe and life, which has a huge impact on Chinese history.For example, the two volumes of the "Hundred Metaphor Sutra" translated by Qiunapidi of the Southern Qi Dynasty, listing 98 metaphors stories, is a literary work with simple writing and touching scenes.At that time, Mr. Lu Xun used it as a material in the history of Chinese thought to study it, absorbing beneficial ingredients from it, and donating money to engrave and circulating it widely.From the perspective of literary history, the translation of metaphorical literature has had a positive impact on the fable literature in later generations in our country.

(two ) Buddhism promotes the emergence and development of phonology and verse poetry and poetry

Buddhism has a huge impact on Chinese poetry. For example, the Indian Declaration Theory introduced with Buddhism led to the invention of the four tones in phonology of the Southern Dynasties and the formulation of the eight diseases of poetry in meter, thus promoting the creation of a new genre of metrical poetry since the Tang Dynasty.In ancient China, it also focused on the discussion of syllables and sound rhythm of poetry. Li Deng of Wei once wrote the rhyme book "Sound Class" (Have lost ),But there is no certain phonological rules.Since the Jin and Song dynasties, a group of Shansheng Shuimen and Shenyijie who lived in Jiankang have studied phonology together.Literary Shen Yue, Wang Rong and Zhou Yong in the Qi and Liang Dynasty, under the influence of Buddhist acoustics such as the Nirvana Sutra, divided the tone of the pronunciation into four tones, which were used for the rhythm of poetry.Shen Yue and others invented the theory of phonology, which not only absorbed the results of ancient Chinese phonology research, but also was directly influenced by the translation of Buddhist scriptures and the pinyin of Sanskrit."Four Tone Score" written by Shen Yue (Have lost )The eight diseases were proposed, emphasizing that writing poetry should avoid eight kinds of melody problems, namely, flat head, upper tail, bee waist, crane knee, big rhyme, small rhyme, side rhyme, straight rhyme, etc., which violate the rules.Shen Yue's poems that were traumatized by poets are short in style and attach great importance to sound and rhythm. They are known in history as "Yongming Style"."Yongming style" marks the move of Chinese poetry from a relatively free "ancient style" to a strict "close style", making Chinese poetry pay more attention to the aestheticization of metrics and syllables, and has a huge impact on later poetry creation.

Since the mid-Wei Dynasty, metaphysical thought has become the main theme of poetry, namely the so-called "mysterious poem".During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Buddhist Prajna studies were widely circulated, and the thought of the Mahayana Kansai Sect's empty and nothing gained had a great influence on the creation of poets at that time.Some Buddhist scholars inject the concept of Prajna Hunting School into the artistic conception of poetry, forming a poetic state of pleasure and satisfaction, quiet and comfortable poetry state.For example, Zhi Daolin, a Buddhist Prajna scholar in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was the most outstanding Buddhist poet at that time.Zhi Daolin was not only proficient in Buddhism, but also proficient in Laozi and Zhuangzi's philosophy. Therefore, his poems combined with Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts, were elegant in literature, and were novel in talent, which was highly praised by literati.At that time, the famous Xuanyan poets Sun Chuo, Xu Xun, Wang Xizhi and others all had acquaintance with Zhi Daolin, exploring the mysterious principles together, and were deeply influenced by it.Xie Lingyun, a great poet during the Jin and Song dynasties, also had exquisite research on Buddha's name, and he also served as the Runwen of the "Mahaprajnaparamita Sutra" with Master Huiguan.He is good at portraying natural landscapes, with a distant and ethereal artistic conception, which plays an important role in the prevalence of landscape poetry.In the early days, in addition to the Buddhist principles, there were also those who specialized in chanting Buddhist principles with poetry and prose, such as Zhi Daolin's "Poems of Thoughts", Wang Qizhi's "Poems of Reciting Buddha's Samadhi", Huiyuan's "Miscellaneous Poems of Lushan Donglin" and "Poems of All Taoists Visiting Shimen in Lushan", Xie Lingyun's "Pure Land Songs", and Emperor Wu of Liang Xiao Yan's "Pure Joy of Pure Land", etc., which had a great influence on later poems.

The rise of Zen Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty was closely related to the development and close relationship between the literature of Tang Dynasty. Zen and poetry both focused on internal experience, valued metaphors and inspiration, and pursued the meaning of words.Zen Buddhism provides a bridge of mutual communication for this religious practice and poetry creation practice.In the Tang Dynasty, some famous poets talked about Zen and practiced Zen, and expressed their enlightenment in their hearts through poetry, which formed Zen poems with Zen interest and Zen principles. Zen masters and poets also sang each other to express their ideals and realms of enlightenment through poetry, thus expressing the rich Zen transformation of poetry and lyrics, opening a new page for the creation of poetry in the Tang Dynasty.The Zen thought that is natural and natural gives strong stimulation to the content of the poem, enriches the artistic conception of the poem, and makes the appearance of the poem more colorful.For example, Wang Wei in the Tang Dynasty was not only a lay Buddhist who believed in Buddhism, but also a famous painter and poet in the Tang Dynasty. He was also familiar with music. He was as famous as the poet Li Bai and the poet Du Fu, and was called "Poet Buddha".Wang Wei's poems are mainly landscape poems, which promote seclusion and Buddhist Zen principles through the description of pastoral landscapes.Poets of the same type as Wang Wei, such as Meng Haoran, Wei Yingwu, Liu Zongyuan, etc., their poems all cited Buddhist scriptures, with profound artistic conception and elegant style, and the Buddhist principles and scenes blended.In the Tang Dynasty, there were also people who used common words to express Buddhist principles and Zen techniques, such as Wang Fanzhi, Han Shanzi, Shide and others.These people's poems are plain, simple and easy to understand, but they seek a life beyond the world in artistic conception, and are full of Zen interest.Among them, Hanshan poems are highly praised by Bai Juyi, Wang Anshi and others and have been influential for a long time.

The Song Dynasty was the heyday of Zen Buddhism. Some literati also regarded the practice of Zen Buddhism and the fashion of interacting with famous monks. For example, Su Shi, Wang Anshi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You, Yang Wanli and others, most of them used Buddhist principles to write poems, and even used Zen quotations. This style of poetry deeply influenced later poetry creation.

(three )Buddhism leads to the successive emergence of rap literature - Bianwen, Baoshu, Tanci, and Drum Ci

In the history of ancient Chinese literature, Buddhism’s influence on rap literature and novels is more significant than that on poetry.Since the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhism has begun to promote three ways of propagating scriptures: "transfer" to the scriptures, singing of "Brahman chants" and "singing guide" for the purpose of spreading the Dharma.Due to the diverse forms of reciting, speaking, singing, and admiration, the combination of rap not only creates the trend of Buddhist singing, but also has works of change, followed by literature and art such as Baoshu, Tanci, and Guci.

The verses in Buddhist scriptures are called "verses" and can be used for chanting, but after the transformation from Brahma to Han, they could not sing because of the limitations of the meaning, sound and rhyme of the characters.So some people used Indian phonology to make tunes to sing Chinese verses, forming Chinese Buddhist music - "Brahman's Ben".In order to spread the Dharma, Buddhism transformed the difficult language into easy-to-understand common words, and the Buddhist masters were used to transfer Buddhist scriptures and chants, making Buddhism lively and artistic, and at the same time affecting the development of Chinese literature.

Singing director is also an important form of popularization of Buddhism. It was originally different from the sutra master. It was not mainly about satirizing Buddhist scriptures, but mainly about singing about events.During the Liang and Chen period, the scholars and singing directors merged.After the mid-Tang Dynasty, due to the change in folk oral language, it was difficult for ordinary people to understand the satirical Buddhist scriptures, so the scriptures were translated into a common saying in the Tang Dynasty, which is "change text".Changes are the beginning of Buddhism's influence on popular Chinese literature.Anyone who paints the Buddha's natal life stories into colorful paintings is called "monetized", and later developed into rap Buddhist scriptures. This kind of lyrics sung is called "variable text".A kind of rap art called "transformation" was popular in the Tang Dynasty. "transformation" was rap, and "transformation" was changing style.The performer raps the story while showing images of Buddhist stories.The images used during the transformation are called "disguised" and the original version of the rap story is called "variant text".The origin of the change text is directly related to the Buddhist classic style and the popularization of Buddhism in the Six Dynasties.In order to adopt popular missionary methods, monks in temples often hold popular raps that change their texts into stories. This is "vulgar speech".The common saying is hosted by two people. The guide first "both talks" and sings a passage of scripture, and then the common saying is explained in detail.This kind of sings of scriptures that absorb the characteristics of Chinese folk rap and adds Buddhist storytelling, and uses a new form of combining rhyme prose and singing, which has achieved the role of attracting listeners and enlightening people's hearts.This artistic form of singing and speaking and combining poetry and prose has set a precedent for my country's rap literature.The change of literature absorbs traditional Chinese historical stories and folk stories, with tortuous narratives, vivid plots, strong storylines, popular and bright words, and combined rhymes and scattered, which is loved by Dazong. It not only preserves a large number of legends and popular spoken languages that have been circulated in ancient times for a long time, but also creates a relatively free new style of writing.

Although the rebirth of the people is loved by the public, it cannot be regarded as a noble place.Zhao Hengming, Zhenzong of the Northern Song Dynasty, ordered the popularization of change of literature, and the trend of singing change of literature in Buddhist temples disappeared.However, after the change of text, the treasure scrolls that evolved from change of text were formed one after another, and the twelve volumes, drum lyrics, various palace tunes, and historical and novel narratives that mainly talked about talk were formed one after another.

The treasure scroll was formed in the Song Dynasty and was popular in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The main use of the rhymes of seven-character sentences and cross-character sentences is prose.Taking Buddhist stories as the theme, it promotes the Buddhist idea of karma and retribution and rewards good and punishes evil.For example, the existing "Xiangshan Baoshu" is said to be the work of Zen Master Puming of the Northern Song Dynasty.There are also "Fish Basket Treasure Scroll" and "Mulian Three Worlds Treasure Scroll", which promote Buddhist stories.Influenced by the Buddhist treasure scrolls, treasure scrolls with folk stories have gradually become popular since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, making the treasure scrolls develop into a kind of folk art.Tanci was formed in the Yuan Dynasty and was popular in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Most of the performers are one to three, and they are speaking and singing.Most instruments are accompanied by Sanxian, pipa and other instruments.Drum lyrics were popular in the north during the Ming and Qing dynasties, while Tanci was popular in the south.The Zhugong Tunes originated from the Northern Song Dynasty and were popular in the Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties. They combine speech and singing, and are mainly composed of singing. The tones of singing are adapted from the popular tunes at that time.The various palace tunes sing tens of thousands of words in different palace tunes, which are mixed and illuminated, which directly affects the formation of Yuan Zaju.

(Four ) Buddhism provides storylines and ideological content for classical novels and operas

Chinese pre-Qin novels were not valued by the scholar-official class, and they thought they were "street talks and hearsays" and could not be ranked in the elegant hall.Since the Six Dynasties, there are legends and history stories in the Tang Dynasty, and there are stories about the Song Dynasty. There are novels in the Song Dynasty. There are chapters since ignorance. Novels have gradually become a school of their own, entering the palace of literature, and even ceremonies with poetry.One of the narrative literary genres of novels, it centers on the shaping of characters and reflects social life extensively and profoundly through the description of the complete storyline and specific environment.Some ancient novels in my country were influenced by Buddhism in terms of genre structure, story source, artistic conception and ideological tendencies.

The variations created by Buddhist monks in the Tang Dynasty were to sing Buddhist scriptures in a common way, which influenced the "speaking" of the Tang people."Speaking" means using popular language to tell stories, which is a kind of rap art.In the Song Dynasty, it evolved into a "speaker" who told stories in the bookstore.The story of "talking" is basically a "telling book", and the "telling book" is divided into two categories: "history telling" and "novel".The former is mostly used to be briefly used in classical Chinese to have a long-form scale, while the latter is mostly short-form vernacular.For example, the Song Dynasty's scriptures "The Song Dynasty's Poems of the Three Zangs of the Tang Dynasty to obtain the scriptures" is divided into three volumes, middle and lower, with a total of seventeen chapters. The first chapter is missing, which tells the story of Xuanzang of the Tang Dynasty and the monkey traveler who seeks the scriptures in the West.It is the prototype of a novel that goes back to a novel that goes back to a novel that goes back to a novel that goes back to a novel that goes back to the subject, story connections, and neat paragraphs. It has become the main form of novels in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and directly affects the development and form of novels.

Buddhism provides stories for ancient Chinese novels of strange and gods and demons, and inspires artistic conception.Chinese ancient literary works pay attention to "excellence" and have simple styles, which are not conducive to the trauma and development of novels.Buddhist scriptures take metaphors and use fables and stories to illustrate doctrines, which often melt Buddhist principles into gorgeous and wonderful literary forms, achieving the results of image education.The spread of Buddhist scriptures is conducive to breaking the constraints of traditional themes such as museums, anecdotes, and jokes in Chinese novels, and opening up a vast world for novel creation.During the Six Dynasties, Buddhism and Taoism were prevalent, forming a social atmosphere of extravagant talk about ghosts and gods and praises the supernatural, thus producing many novels of strange ambitions.Such as Gan Bao's "Sou Shen Ji", Yan Zhitui's "Injustice Soul Records", Wu Jun's "Su Qi Xie Ji", etc., are representative works.There are also works such as Wang Yan's "Mingxiang Record" and Liu Yiqing's "Youming Lu", which are works that specialize in promoting the retribution of good and evil in Buddhism and the reincarnation of reincarnation.

The plots in Buddhist scriptures and treatises enrich the thoughts and content of Chinese novels.For example, Mr. Lu Xun believed that the development of the strange ideas of the Six Dynasties was due to the input of Indian Buddhism. He also pointed out that the story of the scholar Yangxian Goose Cang was actually evolved from the eighteen articles of the "Man in the Pot" translated by Kang Senghui of the Three Kingdoms.

For example, Wu Chengen's "Journey to the West" by the Ming Dynasty is a romantic novel of gods and demons evolved based on the story of Master Xuanzang, a Tang monk from India, and related scripts and zajus.Many stories in the novel originate from the famous Buddhist biography "Biography of Master Xuanzang" and the Buddhist travelogue "The Record of the Western Regions of the Great Tang Dynasty". Combined with the study experience of the boy Shancai in the "Avatamsaka Sutra", it describes the legendary story of the Tang monk going west to experience 81 difficulties, showing the profound imprint of Buddhist thought.For example, "The Romance of the Gods" is a historical story about the political chaos at the end of the Shang Dynasty and King Wu of Zhou's attack on Shang Dynasty.The thirty-six ways of attacking Xiqi described in the book are also inspired by the "Avatamsaka Sutra of the Great Blessed Buddha" and the "Subduing Demons and Transformation Text".There are many descriptions of the battle between Buddha and immortals in the book, many of which are directly based on Buddhist scriptures.The prototype of Nezha is the third prince of the northern Vaisar King, "Nazha", among the four great Buddhist kings, who is a Buddhist guardian god.

Buddhist philosophy also influenced the creation of classical novels.For example, the famous historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" describes the contradictions and struggles between feudal groups in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms era.The inscription on the opening book is "The rolling Yangtze River flows eastward, and the waves wash away all the heroes.Right and wrong, success and failure are gone in a blink of an eye, the green mountains are still there, and the sunset is red several times...", showing the idea of life's illusory birth."Jin Ping Mei Ci" describes the lewd and shameless image of Ximen Qing, a merciless nouveau riche, and uses his ups and downs to illustrate the tragic end of the sea of desire.For example, the novel "Dream of Red Mansions" was greatly influenced by Buddhism and had a profound reflection on fate and life.

Only after the zaju performance of the Yuan Dynasty in my country appeared in China’s formal dramas that combine music, dance and kebai.Yuan Zaju not only takes on legends and novels, but some also directly introduce Buddhist stories.Yuan Zaju is divided into 12 subjects, among which "God-headed and ghost-faced" includes Buddhist themes.Such as Zheng Tingyu's "Monkey Budai" and Wu Changling's "Tang Sanzang's pursuit of the scriptures of the West" are all very famous.The Ming Dynasty zaju operas "The Story of Guanyin's Practice of Xiangshan" and "Mulian's Drama to Save Mother and Encourage Good" are also obvious examples of the deep influence of Buddhism in opera.

(five ) The influence of Buddhism on the criticism of ancient literary theory

Buddhism not only had a significant impact on the creation of ancient Chinese literature, but also had a direct driving effect on the formation and development of criticism of ancient Chinese literature theory.The thinking methods and intuitive methods advocated by Buddhism have many tacit understandings with the theoretical thinking of literary creation; Buddhism attaches importance to transcending the burden of objective environment and pursuing a pure spiritual realm, which also has some similarities with the aesthetic value of literary works and people's aesthetic understanding.Therefore, Buddhist teachings have profoundly influenced the criticism of ancient literary theory.

Buddhism advocates the realization of the highest truth with mysterious intuition, because the highest true meaning is not enough to express, and rational thinking and logical thinking are difficult to grasp the world of the essence.So how can we truly understand the world of reality? Buddhism proposes the theory of epiphany.That is, the truth is mysterious and inseparable. It realizes the truth of the true nature, and has no distinction between the truth and the underworld, and does not need to gradually progress to realize the true nature of the moment of life.Intuitive aesthetics influenced the literary theoretical thoughts of some poets. For example, Liu Xie of the Southern Liang Dynasty studied under Master Sengyou for more than ten years and helped Sengyou compile the fifteenth volume of "The Collection of Tripitakas".The famous literary criticism classic "Wenxin Diaolong" he wrote is called the two gems of Chinese literary criticism classics together with Zhong Rong's "Poetry Collection". The books mostly use Buddhist entries to establish the rules of the article, and understand the sound and meaning of Fanhua to interpret his literary and artistic thoughts.The "Platform Sutra" believes that "the sutra that comes from confusion for many kalpas, and enlightenment will be instantly in an instant." The transformation of sentient beings from confusion to enlightenment corresponds to one thought, and realizing the nature is the Buddha, which is completed in an instant.Under the influence of Buddhist speech and theories of Taoism and enlightenment, the Tang Dynasty poet Jiaoran wrote "Poetry Style", which specifically discussed the system and methods of poetry.The poem "The best of all his hair" in the text is praised by his distant ancestor Xie Lingyun, and has "the help of the king of empty space", which has reached the highest level of the poet.Sikong Tu in the end of the Tang Dynasty (837—908)Written by "Twenty-Four Poems" (Abbreviated as "Poetry" ),Inheriting and developing the thoughts of Liu Xie and Jiaoran, putting forward the image characteristics of the work "image outside the image, scenery outside the scenery", and pursuing the "inspiration outside the rhyme" and "intention outside the rhyme" that are understood by the meaning but cannot be expressed by words, that is, the sound of the work is beyond strings, and the charm and implicitness are the primary artistic characteristics of poetry.Later, the literary critic Yan Yu of the Southern Song Dynasty wrote "Canglang Poetry Talk", using the Buddhist theory of sudden enlightenment, believing that "the way of Zen lies in the wonderful enlightenment, and the way of poetry also lies in the wonderful enlightenment", pursuing a profound artistic conception with the intention outside of the words, emphasizing that poetry should have figurative thinking, aesthetic judgment, and great contribution to literary theory.Wang Shizhen of the Qing Dynasty (1634—1711)He wrote "Daijingtang Poetry Talk", inherited the literary criticism theory of his predecessors and proposed the theory of "shenyun"."The characteristic of Shen Yun is implicit and profound, and the meaning is beyond words, and it is considered an important artistic principle of poet Samadhi.

In addition to the theory of sudden enlightenment, the theory of wonderful enlightenment and the theory of Shen Yun, the poetry theory also uses Buddhism to discuss poetry based on the study of Ming Dynasty, and uses the thinker Wang Fuzi, who was a thinker in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. (1619—1692)The "precision" theory is represented.Direct perception is an intuitive experience of the image of things, referring to sensory understanding, so poetry should not be considered out of thin air and should not be separated from reality in life tendencies.Literary criticism works since the Tang and Song dynasties attach great importance to the theory of "realm".Realm refers to objective existence, realm refers to an artistic realm formed by the integration of life pictures depicted in literary works and the thoughts and feelings expressed in a consistent manner, that is, "artistic conception".

Zen Buddhism has the greatest influence on literary criticism theory.In the Song Dynasty, using Zen to describe poetry has become a trend, and the metaphor of poetry and Zen has almost become a popular catchphrase.Some poet monks and literati have used the theories of Zenists to discuss the creation, appreciation and comments of poetry.

(six )Buddhism adds new vocabulary to the treasure house of Chinese literary language

With the translation and circulation of Buddhist scriptures, many beautiful allusions and new words with artistic beauty in Buddhist scriptures have been introduced into literary works from the Six Dynasties in my country, especially after the Tang Dynasty. Among them, idioms originating from Buddhism account for almost 90% of foreign idioms in the history of Chinese.The new vocabulary of Indian and Chinese Buddhism has enriched the treasure house of Chinese literary language, made the expressiveness of Chinese language more flexible, and played a positive role in Chinese cultural life.

With the spread of Buddhism in China, Buddhist terms have gradually become daily terms in the Chinese language department, such as the world, reality, truth and reality. They are common terms in Buddhism when expounding ontology. For example, relative, all things, phenomena, and things are terms that describe Buddhist phenomenology. Such as enlightenment, liberation, nirvana, sudden enlightenment, etc., referring to the state of personality freedom and liberation achieved by Buddhism through practice. For example, sentient beings, the six realms, sentient beings, sentient beings, and incompetent, are Buddhist concepts of life, such as Pure Land, the other shore, etc., are Buddhist terms that describe an ideal society where there are no more worldly troubles. For example, knowledge, ideal mind, and comparison are Buddhist methodological terms, etc.Languages originated from Buddhism are such as the purity of the six senses, the mud and water, great compassion, birth, old age, sickness and death, distracted mind, local scenery, I am the only one, incredible, cold and warm, everyone is happy, Bodhisattva heart, the great world, the eight tribes of heaven and earth, shouting at the head, showing up to preach, giving Buddha with flowers, scolding Buddha, scolding ancestors, fools talk about dreams, steaming sand into rice, mud cows into the sea, fishing the moon in the well, immeasurable merit, promising the earth, six feet of gold, many monks, less porridge, joy in suffering, "the sea of suffering is boundless, turning back is the shore", "Sow melons and get melons, planting beans and get beans", "Put down the butcher's knife and become a Buddha on the ground",

The above-mentioned Buddhist language phenomena have become an important part of our daily language with the popularization and promotion of Buddhism.These words are very broad in content, covering almost all aspects of life, involving our politics, culture, economy, philosophy, literature and other contents, greatly enriching the expressiveness of Chinese, facilitating people's ideological exchanges, and playing a positive role in cultural and social life.