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The influence of Buddhism on the criticism of ancient literary theory

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《Master Weijue: The origin of the opening of the Zhongtai Zen Temple 90.09.01

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In the history of ancient Chinese literature, Buddhism’s influence on rap literature and novels is more significant than that on poetry.Since the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhism has begun to promote three ways of propagating scriptures: "transfer" to the scriptures, singing of "Brahman chants" and "singing guide" for the purpose of spreading the Dharma.Due to the diverse forms of reciting, speaking, singing, and admiration, the combination of rap not only creates the trend of Buddhist singing, but also has works of change, followed by literature and art such as Baoshu, Tanci, and Guci.

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The variations created by Buddhist monks in the Tang Dynasty were to sing Buddhist scriptures in a common way, which influenced the "speaking" of the Tang people."Speaking" means using popular language to tell stories, which is a kind of rap art.In the Song Dynasty, it evolved into a "speaker" who told stories in the bookstore.The story of "talking" is basically a "telling book", and the "telling book" is divided into two categories: "history telling" and "novel".The former is mostly used to be briefly used in classical Chinese to have a long-form scale, while the latter is mostly short-form vernacular.For example, the Song Dynasty's scriptures "The Song Dynasty's Poems of the Three Zangs of the Tang Dynasty to obtain the scriptures" is divided into three volumes, middle and lower, with a total of seventeen chapters. The first chapter is missing, which tells the story of Xuanzang of the Tang Dynasty and the monkey traveler who seeks the scriptures in the West.It is the prototype of a novel that goes back to a novel that goes back to a novel that goes back to a novel that goes back to a novel that goes back to the subject, story connections, and neat paragraphs. It has become the main form of novels in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and directly affects the development and form of novels.

Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Buddhist scripture translators have gradually created a new genre that integrates Huafan - translation literature, which has opened up a new garden for the history of Chinese literature.For example, the "Vimalakirti Sutra", "Lotus Sutra", and "Mahaprajna Paramita" translated by the master Kumarajiva of Yao Qinshi, are translated by the master of the translation of the scriptures of Kumarajiva. The translations are grand and beautiful, with clear and clear meanings, and are loved by literati of all generations. They are often studied as pure literary works and have a great influence on the literary world.The "Avatamsaka Sutra" translated by Buddha Bhadharata and others is magnificent and magnificent.Tan Wuchen translated the "Sutra of the Buddha's Praise", which tells the story of Sakyamuni Buddha's life, and is a biography in the form of rhyme.The two Buddhist scriptures, "The Great Blessed Buddha's Avatamsaka Sutra" and "The Buddha's Praise Sutra" have a strong literary color and have a great influence in the history of literature.Since the Han and Wei dynasties in China, prose and rhyme have increasingly embarked on the path of parallelism. At this time, Buddhist scripture translators translated scriptures in simple and easy vernacular style, but only seek to be easy to understand without adding algae. This new style played an important role in changing the stylistic direction of Chinese literature at that time and profoundly influenced the literary development of future generations.

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Buddhism adds new vocabulary to the treasure house of Chinese literary language

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In addition to the theory of sudden enlightenment, the theory of wonderful enlightenment and the theory of Shen Yun, the poetry theory also uses Buddhism to discuss poetry based on the study of Ming Dynasty, and uses the thinker Wang Fuzi, who was a thinker in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

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Including rap literature, popular novels, operas, etc.

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Buddhist scriptures attach importance to formal layout and structure. For example, "The Sutra of the Buddha's Praise", "The Sutra of the Buddha's Original Practice", "The Sutra of the Universal Avatar", etc. are Buddhist long stories with rich content, touching plot, and meticulous characters, which have a certain impact on the creation of later long stories."Xu Lai Sutra" and other works are novel works, and "Vimalakirti's Sutra" and "Siyi Brahma Asked by" are semi-novel and semi-dramatic works. These forms and genres were basically not available before the Tang Dynasty in China.The translation of the above Buddhist scriptures has an inspiration, inspiration and promotion role in the emergence and prosperity of later generations of Tanci, Pingdian, novel and opera.

The five mantras that must be known in Buddhism have been collected by everyone!

Singing director is also an important form of popularization of Buddhism. It was originally different from the sutra master. It was not mainly about satirizing Buddhist scriptures, but mainly about singing about events.During the Liang and Chen period, the scholars and singing directors merged.After the mid-Tang Dynasty, due to the change in folk oral language, it was difficult for ordinary people to understand the satirical Buddhist scriptures, so the scriptures were translated into a common saying in the Tang Dynasty, which is "change text".Changes are the beginning of Buddhism's influence on popular Chinese literature.Anyone who paints the Buddha's natal life stories into colorful paintings is called "monetized", and later developed into rap Buddhist scriptures. This kind of lyrics sung is called "variable text".A kind of rap art called "transformation" was popular in the Tang Dynasty. "transformation" was rap, and "transformation" was changing style.The performer raps the story while showing images of Buddhist stories.The images used during the transformation are called "disguised" and the original version of the rap story is called "variant text".The origin of the change text is directly related to the Buddhist classic style and the popularization of Buddhism in the Six Dynasties.In order to adopt popular missionary methods, monks in temples often hold popular raps that change their texts into stories. This is "vulgar speech".The common saying is hosted by two people. The guide first "both talks" and sings a passage of scripture, and then the common saying is explained in detail.This kind of sings of scriptures that absorb the characteristics of Chinese folk rap and adds Buddhist storytelling, and uses a new form of combining rhyme prose and singing, which has achieved the role of attracting listeners and enlightening people's hearts.This artistic form of singing and speaking and combining poetry and prose has set a precedent for my country's rap literature.The change of literature absorbs traditional Chinese historical stories and folk stories, with tortuous narratives, vivid plots, strong storylines, popular and bright words, and combined rhymes and scattered, which is loved by Dazong. It not only preserves a large number of legends and popular spoken languages that have been circulated in ancient times for a long time, but also creates a relatively free new style of writing.

Chinese pre-Qin novels were not valued by the scholar-official class, and they thought they were "street talks and hearsays" and could not be ranked in the elegant hall.Since the Six Dynasties, there are legends and history stories in the Tang Dynasty, and there are stories about the Song Dynasty. There are novels in the Song Dynasty. There are chapters since ignorance. Novels have gradually become a school of their own, entering the palace of literature, and even ceremonies with poetry.One of the narrative literary genres of novels, it centers on the shaping of characters and reflects social life extensively and profoundly through the description of the complete storyline and specific environment.Some ancient novels in my country were influenced by Buddhism in terms of genre structure, story source, artistic conception and ideological tendencies.

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