This story tells us that people with value are not necessarily the ones who can speak the most. God gives us two ears and one mouth, which is to let us listen more and speak less, not spread rumors, and not spread slander.

This story tells us that people with value are not necessarily the ones who can speak the most. God gives us two ears and one mouth, which is to let us listen more and speak less, not spread rumors, and not spread slander.

——Should we first be a good person when we seek rebirth? (Comments )Gozi Chess

忠州属重庆府辖区,古称临江,领鄷都(story )、collect (Community )、Log in (search )三县。忠州为巴楚交界地,是进出巴蜀的必经通道。州内古有著名的佛教居士白香山居易等遗址,诗人往来唱和者非常多。唐代盛世也是佛教发展空前的时期,大量高僧出入巫峡,途经忠州,或与忠州文士交游,或开创佛寺,或作方外交,留下了千古人文佳话。如号称中华民族脊梁的玄奘大师即从忠州往荆州北上,经长安西出取经。唐代果州(Master Da'an: The Great Way to Chant Buddha's name in the Age of Teachings )宗密大师、启建丛林的马祖道一等,都是从忠州乘船下江弘法的。本文只讨论古代忠州州属地,相当于现在忠县范围。

In fact, a samurai came to Zen Master Ichikyu's room with a fish in his hand.He said: Let's make a bet, and the Zen master said that the fish in my hand is dead or alive?Ichikyu knew that if he said he was dead, the samurai would certainly let go;And if he said he was alive, the warrior would definitely pinch the fish to death in secret.So, Ichikyu said: It's dead.The warrior immediately let go of his hand..

佛教寺院名称相当复杂,如宋·赞宁《僧史略》卷上曰:“案灵佑法师寺话凡有十名寺:一曰寺(The spider-Buddha nature has increased a lot.Suddenly one day, Buddha... ),Master Da'an: Is the focus of cultivating Pure Land to cultivate filial piety? (秽浊不可同住),三曰法同舍(法食二同界也),四曰出世舍(修出离世俗之所也),Master Da'an: All fears are for Da'an (非粗暴之所居),六曰清净园(三业无染处也),七曰金刚刹(39 stories that a manager should know ),八曰寂灭道场(祇园有莲华藏世界以七宝庄严谓之寂灭道场卢遮那佛说华严于此),九曰远离处(入其中者去烦惑远与寂灭近故),十曰亲近处(The spider and spider have Buddha nature in worship. ),此土十名依祇园图经。今义如六种:一名窟,如后魏凿山为窟安置圣像及僧居是也,二名院(今禅宗多此名也),video (律曰住一树经中有逝多林也),Reciting the Guanyin Sutra (如善见论中瞿昙庙),Click to see more (无院相者),How to correctly view the responses of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas (今五台山有多所也)。”随着历史变迁,当今寺院名称与宋代有很大区别,除了曾经的寺、舍、院、园、精舍、道场、林、庙、兰若基本还保持外,还有如“庵”、“堂”、“山”、石窟寺以俗称“洞”为名,借道教宗教场所名或道教场所改为佛教道场的“宫”、“观”等,从忠州志书里保存的佛教寺院名称来看,名目繁杂,民间三教合一的特色非常明显。

要研究忠州佛教,在雍正《四川通志》、万历《四川总志》、嘉庆《四川通志》、嘉庆《四川总志》、清《蜀碧》、清《蜀典》、《补续全蜀艺文志》、道光《重庆府志》、同治《忠州直隶州志》、道光《忠州直隶州志》、民国陈德甫《忠县乡土志》等文献,应该说资料相对丰富,这些资料对古代忠州佛教的研究提供了基本素材。本文重点在考察忠州佛教寺院,并对这些佛寺进行分类研究,以达到丰富地方人文,阐述忠州佛教历史,提升忠州软实力等积极作用。据上述文献所载,忠州所属大的山脉有八,所以古称忠州有“八龙朝圣”之说。所谓“天下名山僧占多”,忠州也是一样,在一代代的高僧大德的努力下,属下遍布名山圣境,如屏风山禹庙、牛头山云崖寺、天台山天台寺、玉印山(Not enough blessings )崇圣寺、似凤山昙花庵、高峰山高峰寺、宝珠山观音寺、四方山白云寺、倚天山普照寺、拔山拔山寺、石笋山白云废寺、观子山龙翔寺、大火炉山凌云阁、翠屏山毘卢寺等,因为佛教的兴盛和高僧的住持,而成了一方人文名山福地,受到人们的崇奉。名山名寺,被载于志书,广为流传,成就千古佳话。

忠州州属城郭,沿滚滚长江边上兴建,有半城山水之说。我们通过对文献的考查发现,忠州是典型的移民城市,也是一个码头城市,盛产井盐茶叶等,巴蜀特产通过忠州码头,流向中国南北大地。巴蜀是一个神秘的国土,古有“天府之国”称谓,“民风淳朴,物产富饶”,是一个极具浪漫风情的地方,乃至有“少不入川”民谚。正因为人们对巴蜀的未知欲,纷纷来到巴蜀,或如玄奘大师的求学之行,或如元稹白居易的贬官行程,或入李太白杜工部的巴蜀情结。无论是进入巴蜀或出川之路,除攀登起来“难于上青天”的剑阁道外,就只有经长江水道,最为便利。忠州因四方豪杰的涌入而更为开放与豪迈,她始终不渝,忠贞不二,让人们更加留意这座“青山相伴,绿水长流”的丰饶“半城”。历史注定这里不会平静,从忠州出土的汉墓里,可以看到摇钱树上有佛的形像;全国汉阙二十多处,忠州有五,可见其丰富的汉代遗存;保存数千年盐井文化、丹沙的遗址;白居易创建的四望楼、东楼西楼及东坡、西坡美景;遍布境内的进士坊名宦坊等,都让人们实实在在地感受到了强烈的信息,这是一个人文精神高度发达的城市,佛教曾经空前繁荣的城市。

Scan the QR code to share on WeChat or Moments

忠州除下辖各县外,州属有二十甲同,分敦十甲和崇十甲,据文献可考者尚有272处以上宗教活动场所。忠州一地二百多处道场,可见佛教之盛,为巴蜀之冠。对忠州佛寺的考察,并进行分类研究,是辨析地方人文研究方法之一,期望从这些佛寺的考定中,深入忠州名山大川和乡野僻壤,再现历史忠州之一方面。

一、忠州官寺考

Share to Sina Weibo (Have fun ),就是已知重庆地区最早的官寺。

唐代佛教达到鼎盛时期,唐太宗曾得僧兵之力剿灭异已,后下诏在全国“交兵之处”建立官寺。高宗继位后,在帝都和各州设官寺,祈愿国家安泰;武则天更令各州设大云寺。已知忠州唐代官寺有两处,一处是龙兴寺,一处是开元寺。

1、忠州龙兴寺(治平寺、振宗禅寺)

唐代为了管理庞大的佛教僧团,于鸿胪寺之下设崇玄署。高祖武德三年(620)又于慈悲寺任命僧官十人,称为十大德。唐中宗尝于神龙元年(705),敕令全国设置龙兴寺,作为宗教管理机关。道光《忠州直隶州志》云卷三载:“治平寺,在城东门外,即唐之龙兴寺也。康熙辛亥年知州刘肇孙重修,康熙庚寅勅赐振宗禅寺,俗名大寺。”俗名大寺,是因为龙兴寺为整个忠州包括属下几个县域的僧官所在地,受中央直接给予封赏,地位很高,规模也很大。龙兴寺一般都有朝廷赐予的田地,僧人由王室给度牒,有全部免除役使和赋税的权利,并登记和管理忠州境内近千座佛事。到唐玄宗开元二十六年(738)诏令全国诸州设置开元寺后,龙兴寺主成为国家举行超度法会及皇家忌日举行法事的道场。

《忠县志·佛教》(1994register )载:“相传,佛教在东汉开始传入忠县,永平年间(58—75)忠县就修有佛教寺庙—龙兴寺,为国内兴建得较早的一批佛教寺庙之一。”这里说龙兴寺为永平年间所建,而公认出华第一寺白马寺同为永平年间所建。这与忠州出土汉墓有关佛教信仰之事相吻合。据《蜀中名胜记·忠州》引“《志》云:东北三十里,大成寺,汉初平(190—193)建”。这是忠州汉代大成寺之修建年代。

北宋初年,太宗改汴京龙兴寺为太平兴国寺,此寺遂成为宋代佛教之根本道场。英宗治平四年(1067)“给陕西转运司度僧牒,令籴谷,赈霜旱州县”(《宋史》卷十四《神宗本纪》)。熙宁三年(1070)四月“丁卯给两浙转运司度僧牒,募民入粟”(《宋史》卷十五《神宗本纪》)。作为忠州中心佛寺,当为国家效力有功,于英宗治平年间改龙兴寺为“治平寺”。治平寺以英宗年号为我,同样说明了此寺在宋代的辉煌历史。

元代皇室所建官寺很多。从至元七年(1270)到至正十四年(1354)在京城内外各地,建有大护国仁王寺、圣寿万安寺、殊祥寺、大龙翔集庆寺、大觉海寺、大寿元忠国寺等,这些土木费用都很浩繁。元代重庆属“南人”范畴,因为蒙哥可汗曾折鞭钓鱼城,三十六年攻重庆不下,因此受到民族歧视,佛教特别是官寺也没有大的发展。从忠州没有新的官寺出现来看,治平寺延续了宋代官寺的地位,继续管理忠州及其辖区的佛寺。

明太祖洪武元年(1368)至毅宗崇祯十七年(1644)前后二百七十六年间朱明一代的佛教,总体上处于发展阶段。因为朱元璋出身寒门,为生计而出家,并参与利用邪教组织才取得大明江山,对宗教整体采取控制的态度。但民间寺院恢复较快,重庆佛教处于盛唐之后的另一个高峰,产生了一大批杰出的大师弘法。这些大德中,当以忠州聚云寺吹万广真禅师为代表。聚云法系高僧铁壁慧机禅师是吹万广真的弟子,住治平寺弘法。经过其弟子著名的竺峰大师的努力,得到了朝廷的认可,“因其嗣法徒竺峰之请,谥曰妙光,并勅赐治平寺为振宗禅寺”(道光《忠州直隶州志》卷八人物载)。谥号妙光,是朝廷给慧机禅师的谥号。将治平寺改为“振宗禅寺”,有重振禅门宗风的喻意。清朝曾经发生过破山系与聚云系的争执,尽管破山系遍布西南地区,但以忠州为据点的聚云系得到皇帝的认可,也不失为上上之策。

2、忠州开元寺(Avoid sex for 450 days, share my story )

唐玄宗于开元二十六年(738)敕令全国诸州设置开元寺。玄宗本来笃信道教,亦尊崇佛教,信任不空大师、天文学家一行大师等诸僧。诏令开元寺作为国家统制佛教之管理机关——僧官。由于国家往往变卖度牒,僧官的权力过大,佛寺管理机关由龙兴寺到开元寺,并设立俗官管理佛教事务,分化僧官的权限。至此,龙兴寺成为举行国忌法会之所,开元寺则成为行国家祝典之处。如《佛祖统纪》卷四十云:“开元二十七年,敕天下僧道,遇国忌就龙兴寺;行道散斋、千秋节祝寿就开元寺。”

道光《忠州直隶州志》载:“忠州开元寺,在州东一里,即今龙王庙是其遗址。”忠州开元寺亦为僧官所在地,受朝廷俸禄田地。唐·白居易贬为忠州刺史时,常与开元寺僧交流,有《开元寺东池早春》、《留题开元寺上方》等诗文。僧官有“都”和“统”及左、右僧录司等设置,此寺为皇家祈福机关,可能也受到政府的高度重视。

3、忠州勅封寺

在道光《忠州直隶州志》中,忠州属下敦二甲有“勅封寺”之称。我国对命名学有较严格的规定,等级制度非常严格,如果一旦触犯了朝廷禁忌,就有杀头的危险。因此,道光年间刺史吴友篪考定祥细,忠州勅封寺也不会随便命名。勅封寺应该与官寺有一定关系,可能是对高僧的封赏而命名。

4、忠州龙翔寺(How many resonances are there? )

Reincarnation (a true story) (The previous one /Good Book )所撰《重修龙翔寺碑记》,有云:“能述者前之人,以诗书光世泽后之人,即当以稽古振家声,宁徒辉煌古刹,丹碧陆离忆耶。然虽古刹也,而先人之手泽存焉。”文中详载任氏先祖宋季进士数代护持龙翔寺因缘。因为是本地任家所护持的官寺,所以又称为任家官寺,重修僧为性戒大师。

5、忠州栖霞寺

道光《忠州直隶州志》卷三载敦十甲有栖霞寺云:“一名三洞禅院,有残碑载‘乡官进士李允、教官李昂、知州杨恺\\\\\’等字,其玉皇殿则于万历十三年。寺前溪流逥环,三洞胪列前明古刹,有嘉靖十三年修庙碑,即‘勅赐栖霞院\\\\\’The story of the three little golden men will change your worldview after reading it!

二、忠州私寺考

对应官寺的佛寺,一般称为私寺。私寺也有许多种存在形式,如功德坟寺、私家寺院等不同。

(It's )、功德院或坟寺

功德院和坟寺是指为已逝王侯贵族作功德而建的寺院,称为功德院;为守护坟墓而建之寺院,或寺院改作官家超度亡灵等,则称坟寺。功德寺初名功德院,始于唐代,宋时极为盛行,如岳飞的功德院称为“褒忠衍福禅寺”、史弥远的坟寺称为“教忠报国寺”。功德坟寺的地位,仅次于为皇家陵墓超度的“陵寺”。宋代颁敕额赐的功德坟寺,不但免去租税,更赐予任命僧尼及颁衣、赐号的权利。

忠州古来为军事要地,为巴蜀要道,有功之人甚多。查勘文献,这类封赐的功德院或坟寺有不少,今略述如下:

忠州巴台寺。据《四川通志》卷二十八下《寺观》载,忠州西二里有巴台寺。道光《忠州直隶州志》卷三记载更为详尽,云:“巴台寺,在城西二里,即唐之龙寺上寺。按龙寺有三寺,一在山顶,一在山腰,一在山下。”山上巴台寺有古巴台,为战国时期古巴国的遗址,相传为巴王坟。此处立寺,有祭祀古国君的功能。从历代名人屡屡登巴台并作诗怀古吊巴王来看,此寺应为祭祀巴王的坟寺。

白公祠,在巴台寺毗左,明崇祯三年知州马易从创修,为祭祀有功于忠州的刺史白居易而建的功德寺。

Post your wonderful comments

拔山寺,始建年代不详,明翰林院检讨李允墓在寺内。

准提庵,有刑部郎中袁鼎墓。

曲水庵,有户部郎中郑皋墓。

印盒寺,有处州镇总兵熊兆干墓。

(black )忠州古代私家寺院

唐宋时期,封建王朝通过对佛教以适当保护来加强国内统治的力量。到了宋天禧末(1021),全国僧尼增加了很多。寺院近四万所。另外,还有贵族私建的寺院很多。这些寺院都拥有相当数量的田园、山林,得到豁免赋税和徭役的权利。

1、忠州成家寺

成姓为忠州一大姓宗族,历代所出名流甚多。在忠州属地敦五甲地有成家寺,设私家书院并家寺,以免费教育乡民子弟。忠州成氏宗亲载诸史乘者,录之于下。

成文运字在东号白邻,康熙丙子科举人,次年高中丁丑科进士,任当涂知县转户部江南司主事,升浙江司员外郎转迁兵部武库郎中,任山东道监察御史掌京畿道监察御史,历官至太仆寺少卿、大理寺少卿,《忠州志》卷八中有传。正四品大员。

成文逈,康熙丁酉科副榜,康熙癸巳恩科举人。

In front, there is a

成学宦字旭亭,乾隆庚子科举人,文笔过人,忠州志有传。其继妻钱氏为直隶保定人,年二十九岁时,学宦殁于外无子。节妇誓不再嫁,因忠州守节,被载入史册。

成宗洙,岁贡。

Once a small country came to China and paid tribute to three identical Jin people. The golden wall was brilliant, which made the emperor very happy.But this small country is not kind, and at the same time asked a question: Which of these three Jin people is the most valuable?The emperor thought of many ways and invited jewelers to check, weigh the weight, and workmanship, which were exactly the same.what to do?The messenger is still waiting to go back to report.A great country, won’t you not even understand this little thing, right?Finally, a former minister abdicated said he had a solution.The emperor invited the envoy to the hall. The old minister confidently held three straws and inserted them into the ears of the first golden man. The straw came out from the other ear.The second golden man's straw fell out of his mouth, while the third golden man's straw fell into his stomach after it entered, without any noise.The old minister said: The third Jin man is the most valuable!The messenger was speechless and the answer was correct.

Guiwei Yisi

成拱,以子成文运赠京畿道监察御史,晋赠大理寺卿。正三品大员。

同治《忠州直隶州志》卷十一《人物补》载:成继维,郡处士。能文,以教读为业,数十年不倦,咸谓士有铜行,斯人近之。

同治《忠州直隶州志》载:成学益,郡人,性忠朴,尤笃友爱,凡钱谷出入,与兄弟子侄共之,毫无吝色,族党重之。

道光《忠州直隶州志》卷八《人物·烈妇》载:“Friends 节妇冯氏,Friends 孔珍妻,年二十二岁夫没,抚子(Friends )孝德早殇继抚孙(Friends )继福,现年六十一岁。”Friends 冯氏的行为非常感人,二十二岁死了丈夫Friends 孔珍,儿子Friends 孝德又早亡,独自一个抚养两代人,被载入史集。

忠州志卷八烈妇又载:“戚节妇成氏,戚永华妻,二十七岁夫,立志守节,现年六十岁。”成家的女孩子嫁给戚家,终身守节。

2、忠州其它宗族家庙或家寺的兴盛

忠州自古为人文胜地,正所谓人杰地灵也。在汉代,忠州严就、胡良、文恺任巴郡文学掾,载入史册。学而仁则仕,晋代忠州文立任劳任中庶子,毛楚任牂牱太守,母雅出任夜郎太守,为一世之俊杰。有名可考进士宋代2人,明代17人,清代6人。还有官居忠州或世袭忠州千户等职的,以及忠州大小盐井矿主和经营富户,共同组成忠州历史上的名门望族。中国学宦的信仰,是以儒佛信仰为归趣。即身为儒教,又同时信仰佛教者居多。这些名门豪族有田地,多建立家族式的佛教寺院或庙宇,甚至还流行购买度牒作寄名僧的现象。因为朝廷对出家严格控制,先经过严格考试,还要交纳不菲的税银才能取得出家身份。由于国家的宗教政策有免税制度,手持度牒的富户多出资修建寺院,花银子请人代为出家修行,这就叫寄名僧。朝廷对度牒的发放也比较混乱,如国库空虚就卖度牒;朝廷打仗需要银子也发度牒筹集军需;天灾之年放度牒解决赈灾之事;皇家喜忌之年大量度人出家祈福,等等。由于这种度牒金钱化的现象,让许多僧侣成为无法剃头的行者(Old Huang Calendar ),而手持度牒的富户就可以享受国家免收赋税的优惠政策。所以,私家寺的成立原因极其复杂,既有虔诚信徒的奉献,也有兴一方文运的雅士,甚至还有巧取豪夺的避税港。据道光《忠州直隶州志》卷三载有私家寺者甚多,如:

敦一甲:福庆寺,又名白家寺,为白氏家族宗寺。三庆寺又我田家寺,家族出明代嘉靖乙未进士田登年官至大理寺司正(Can you sense it by listening to the mantra? ),万历辛丑进士田一甲任潭南道监察御史转陕西兵备副使为代表。

敦二甲天台寺,又名杨家寺。忠州明代出进士杨一举,有《杨氏家乘》。

敦四甲有汪家寺,为汪氏家族佛寺。

敦五甲净土庵,又名孙家寺,为孙氏宗族家庙。忠州出宋代绍兴戊辰笠进士,明代成化戊子科举人孙(Microcircle +picture )任淳化知县。

敦六甲静因堂,又名张家寺,明代忠州出万历己卯科举人张师厚任巩昌府通判。逥龙庵,又名谢家寺,忠州明代有宏治壬戌科进士谢表官钱塘江府知府。玉衡堂,又称田家寺,为田氏宗教寺院。

敦七甲杨家寺,为杨家宗族寺院。

敦八甲永兴院,又名傅家寺,为傅氏家族佛寺。观音庵,又名张家寺,为张氏家族佛寺。玉皇观,又名余家寺,为余氏家族佛寺。敦八甲还有冷家寺,董家庙,分别是冷氏家族和董氏家族的佛寺。

敦九甲李家寺,为李氏家族佛寺。忠州宋代出进士李兴宗,官至国子博士,号谦斋,着有《论孟俗解》。

敦十甲姚家寺,任家官寺,忠州明代出万历丙戌科进士任道学任归安县知县。任家是外来为官,数代进士出身,此寺也比一般家庙不同,可能还受到朝廷封偿,称为官寺。

崇一甲古宗寺,又名王家寺,为王氏家族佛寺。忠州明代有正统丁卯科举人王璧。长寿庵,又名贺家寺,为贺氏宗族佛寺。忠州明清代出乾隆壬子笠举人贺廷栻,康熙己酉科举人贺勋任陕西葮州知州,以及道光壬午举人贺鹤云。

The Buddha's nature of a spider

崇三甲法藏庵,又名胡家寺,忠州清代出康熙癸酉科举人胡俊任仓溪县教谕。胡维英康熙癸巳科举人,胡泽溢雍正癸卯科举人。

崇四甲明龙寺,又名罗家寺,为罗氏宗族寺院。明代忠州出嘉靖壬戌科进士罗青霄任漳州知府。

There are 8 days left before the day of Guanyin Bodhisattva's enlightenment

崇六甲有余家寺,为余氏宗族寺院。罗家庙,为罗氏宗族寺院,圆通庵,又名贺家寺,为贺氏宗族寺院,

崇八甲陈家庙,为陈氏宗族寺院。黎家庙,为黎氏宗族寺院。明代忠州有崇祯癸酉科举人黎孔昭。

崇九甲朝阳寺,又名胡家庙。江家寺,为江氏家族寺院。太宁寺,又名雷家庵,为雷氏宗族寺院。明代永兴庵,又名刘家寺,明代有进士刘大悦,志载见玉印山钟铭。

崇十甲明代龙居寺,又名陈家寺,为陈家宗族寺院。姜家寺,为姜氏宗族寺院。明代姚家庙,为姚氏宗族寺院。

废寺尚有卢家寺、杜家庙、戚家寺等家族寺院。

从上述忠州家寺分布情况来看,可以知道忠州经济和人文发展较为均衡,氏族在当地的影响力非常之大。这些富户或官宦之家,大多有虔诚的信仰,或出资修建寺院,或捐田义资香火,或供养僧众,对忠州地区的佛教事业发展,地方社会的稳定和道德的规范,起到了非常重要的作用。忠州佛寺家族化现象,也可以片面理解为佛教通过家族化形式,立足于氏族关系,与社会融合较为紧密,并达成佛教基层公共化倾向。

The night before yesterday, Zongsar Rinpoche mercifully received us students from mainland China.It was a bit embarrassing at the beginning, because apart from the first greetings and the classmates' praise for Rinpoche, everyone seemed to have nothing to say.Some people say that Rinpoche, your book is very popular in the mainland, so I bought 150...

中国文化崇尚和谐谦让,讲礼仪,重道德,对一切文化有很强的包容性。佛教传入中国后,也同样遇到与本土文化的冲突和融合的问题。《翻译名义集》曰:“吴主问三教,尚书令阚泽对曰:‘孔老设教,法天制用,不敢违天。佛之设教,诸天奉行。’”从三国时期,人们就开始论辨三教优劣,甚至因为三教纷争而出现灭佛灭道的事件。唐代四川南充藉宗密大师倡导三教圆融观,五代吴越国永明延寿大师步及后尘,宋代三教人士已经取得共识,如儒取佛道论理,以理学之心学为代表;道学取于佛儒,以《伍柳仙踪》为代表;佛教大德则普通习三教典籍,注老子庄子等。元代刘谧撰《三教平心论》二卷,现收于《大正藏》第五十二册。作者以儒释道三教皆为止恶行善之法,而佛以治心,道以治身,儒以治世,不可偏废。这种三教分类法,几乎影响了后世的三教判别。

忠州佛教三教圆融的思想起源可上溯到唐代,被贬居忠州刺史的白居易为虔诚佛教徒,常到忠州官寺龙兴寺、开元寺拜佛,与萧处士、清禅师交流。历代僧人多习儒道,或以儒道解经,提倡三教圆融。

(It's )佛寺与儒殿It's 体化

中国制度化宗教的代表是儒教,所设殿堂崇孔夫子(大成至圣的文庙为主,如天坛、地坛、日坛、月坛、先农坛、厉坛、风雷雨电坛等,祭祀天地日月等神。儒殿注重文脉的信仰,如文昌宫主祀梓潼帝君,认为奎星阁及文峰塔修建有助于地方风水的改造。朝廷对功之人进行中祭,如忠州的四贤祠,就是纪念刘晏、白居易等文人的。这些儒殿由朝廷直接拨款,按例祭祀。

道光五年,忠州知州吴友篪曾经说:“甲申仲秋,余集绅耆劝捐书院膏火两里二十甲,乐输者听其自便,而庵观寺院不与,盖不欲以释门参儒教也。”吴知州接受捐款,却不接受寺院捐款,不想让佛教参与儒教,说明当时僧人参与儒教已经成为一种现象,才有反对的理由。

Master Da'an: possessed

忠州人一直认为培植一地文脉的万福塔,在州南羊鸣山上,也是由僧人帮助知州吴友篪修建而成。吴氏本来反对僧人参预儒教,但修建万福塔的僧人志宽也不是一般的僧侣,是杨氏宗族寺杨家寺的住持。杨氏是忠州大姓,有权有势,得到志宽的支持就等于得到了杨家大家族的支持。而让吴友篪放弃不让佛门参预儒教的另一个原因,是志宽为当地有名的佛教慈善家,建有义庄,掩埋浮尸,修建桥梁不利行人。在志宽的周旋下,得到了忠州僧正司续绅的支持,修建培植人文风水的万福塔就修建起来了。佛寺与儒殿不分,在春秋祭祀之时,照样国家出钱祭祀,文武分班按礼设祭,牛羊猪肉供品供奉其上,日常又是神社与佛寺的结合,即有佛教的佛像菩萨戒,也有神祇的供奉,就成了忠州佛教的特色之一。

(black )佛道寺观的圆融

重庆的佛教信仰在民间普遍存在佛道不分的现象。我前不久去南川金佛山考察,在南坡西来寺遗址发现同时存在道士墓和僧人墓,说明清末佛道于此同处一寺。现在佛道相互的认同感也比较强,如道士可以到佛寺来挂单,可以一起修行住宿。僧人也可以到道观挂单,参与道教法事。忠州这种情况比较普遍,如道光《忠州直隶州志》卷三云:“真武庙,在州西门外一名水府宫,建时无考,乾隆四十二年重修,后毁于火,僧人清泰重修,道光三年又毁于火。”真武庙是供奉玄天上帝(Share to WeChat )的地方,所以又称水府宫,应该是道教的宫观。僧人清泰却来重修真武庙,成了佛教的寺院。这种寺院一般不改变主神的供奉,而另择地修佛殿或在侧殿供奉佛像等,以满足佛教徒的信仰需求。

It's yourself who need to change urgently

Guess idioms when looking at pictures

在忠州还有大量的关帝庙,大多由僧人住持。据《佛祖统纪》卷六《智者传》所载,隋代智者大师曾在玉泉山入定,定中见关帝显灵,化玉泉山崎岖之地为平址,以供大师建寺弘法。之后求受五戒,而成为正式佛弟子。后世佛教将关帝列为伽蓝护法神,与韦驮具有同等地位。基于佛教圆融态度,将民间信仰诸神,作为佛教的护法神供奉,还是符合宗旨的。

(snake )佛寺与会馆的融合

重庆地区历史上曾经有八次大的移民,查家族谱系,多是湖广填川人士。忠州在明末清初,历经张献忠之乱,姚黄之乱,教匪之乱,本土人口十仅存一,致忠州大地,一片狼藉,有土无为耕种。清初实行湖广填川的移民政策,大量湖南、湖北、江西、陕西、广东、广西等地流民,纷纷进入巴蜀地区垦荒,巴蜀生产力逐渐恢复。忠州在康熙六十年到雍正十一年进行户口调查,辖区有15805户,男36145人,女34587人;嘉庆十六年统计,共33547户,户口增加一倍。同治十年统计,户口达70048户,男人,女人,共计人。人口迅速增长,税收增加,社会出现繁荣的景象。

这些外来的移民,为了纪念先祖,缅怀故乡,纷纷设立会馆,相当于现在的同乡会,联络感情。会馆的设立,多由当地名士富户牵头,在城区找一个古老寺院为依托。随着忠州地区经济的发展,尤其是忠州为产盐富地,大量制盐的手工业者和贩盐的富商前来淘金,给忠州经济注入新鲜的力量。忠州是长江重要码头,中原入川黔滇的必经之地,贸易业相当发达,外地在忠州经商的人迅速增加。这些以外乡为主的人士,为了开成保护机制,也纷纷成立会馆。这些会馆大多依附佛教信仰,联络同乡感情,在佛寺中开展活动,或对同乡进行保护或帮助。反之,这些人又成为佛教虔诚的支持者。所以,忠州佛教会馆化现象,是佛教社会化很成功的一个例子,是值得研究的一个重大课题。查阅《忠州直隶州志》等文献,略举几例会馆如下:

禹王宫即湖广会馆,在城北门内。

许真君庙即江西会馆,在城内丁字街。

帝主宫即黄州会馆、在城南门内

The story of Guanyin

土主庙,为蜀地在忠州客居民所崇奉,在城东门外。建时无考,明万历中知州加国祯倪伯鲯重建,康熙甲戌年知州武烈重修,道光五年知州吴友篪率绅士重修,一名忠贞祠,门外有汉丁房阙。

(share )佛寺与行会的融合

Three common problems that Buddhists make

清中期忠州得到官方认可的盐井有三十四眼,私下采盐不计其数。得到政府许可进行食盐贸易需要“盐引”,这些盐引是有指标的,政府从中收取税银。采制盐的手工业者一般供奉井神之外,还祭罗公。忠州专设罗公祠,供盐商及采盐业主供奉。罗公祠在甘井,明隆庆丁卯涂甘诸井灶民因于盐课,郡人罗公青霄有省减之疏,万历甲戌刺史王公洪泉勘复无异,中丞曾公可其复,州境盐亯减去三分之一,灶民德之,为罗公权专祠并祀王曾二公,今东岳即其旧址。采盐及盐运都是高危作业,都有生命之危,这些业主大多成为虔诚的佛教信徒,一方面祈求菩萨的保佑,一方面形成行会,通过行会在全国颁的各种力量打通商道,进行有效贸易。

除了盐业的行会外,还有金融业的福德祠(The Word in your heart ),纺织业的轩辕祠,屠宰业的桓侯祠,畜牧业的马王庙,医药业的药王庙,手工业者包括木匠、泥匠、瓦匠等的鲁班庙、敦三甲五甲的井主庙,等等,各种行会与佛教相结合的寺院遍布忠州,是忠州具有地方特色的一种佛教信仰形态。

(Yi Si )佛寺与洞寨的融合

道光《忠州直隶州志》卷四载,忠州于明末清初屡遭战乱,如“崇祯十七年张献忠屠忠州,又遇姚黄之乱”,“嘉庆三年……贼匪入境,焚掠殆尽,州牧王垂重御于敦八甲关王山舒家沟死之”。忠州为入川军事要地,凡经水路的入川战争,忠州之乱都是非常惨烈的。

从历史上来看,三国时期忠州就是蜀吴的战场,现在在发掘出大量的三国时期兵器。明末清初的忠州情势非常复杂,分别有明代政权、张献忠部、南明政权、清朝政权、夔东十三家及地方自保式的地主武装存在。战争对老百姓一说都是不幸的,百姓一般会采取结寨的方式,进行自保。忠州地势复杂,如石宝寨就是一处重要的军事要地,四面耸立,易守而难攻,上有井泉,可以作持久保卫战。非战争时期,人们把石宝寨作为美丽的美景打造,修建崇圣寺,有僧人住持。在僧人的指导下成立以当地居士组成的会首组织,对寺院进行修缮。在战争发生期,石宝寨就成了屯兵千计,保全民众生命与财产的军事组织。忠州地貎多山洞河道及险峻的高山,这些地方多是佛教寺院所在地,在战争期间起到了特殊的作用。有的进攻军队往往也有佛教信仰,可能会对佛寺采取比较宽容的态度。如著名的破山大师就曾在军营里待过三年,在石砫司三教寺为官兵说法。而清朝川陕总督李国英最后攻下重庆,不但没有对破山大师采取极端措施,反而皈依佛教,帮助修复道场,借此拉拢地方武装和民众,让人们看到满清也不是恶魔,是充满人性关怀的“仁义之师”。

在地方文献中尚可见到与石宝寨类似的民众自保式的山寨近三百处,这些山寨地势险要,以佛寺为号召,据险自保。如“太洪山……削壁悬崖,群山环抱,当西一面,山涧缭绕,更形险要,一名太洪寨,相传以明季刘太洪建修得名。”这是三面陡峭一方环水的山寨。“椐条岭……山势嵯峨,绝巘千屻,铁壁三面,高不可攀,一名椐条寨。”“玛瑙山……四面崭绝无路可上,教匪滋扰,士人依以为寨,一名玛瑙寨。”“万宝山……嘉庆初年邪匪横肆,土人筑石堞踞以御贼。”以山为寺,以寺为寨,在地方文献中比比皆是。在现存名的三百余山寨中,如三圣寨、观音寨等,以佛寺为名的山寨,或居于名山之顶的山寨,都是佛教与山寨融合的最好事例。这些山寨,在历次战乱中,所保全的性命,不计其数,其实里面蕴涵了一份份辛德勒名单,让人几多感怀。

在忠州山区有大量的山洞,是佛教充满普世情怀的表现。如昌家洞,在州北四十里戚家河,洞下有水,洞外建有龙王庙;三池洞,在州东北八十里赵家山,洞内水极汪洋,建有龙王庙;以及与梁山接壤的大白水洞,州东北五十时的母猪洞,州西七十里大山之下的翔龙洞,州北一百七十里忠梁接壤的红崖洞,州西八十里地的葡萄洞,州西九十里地的铁屎洞,都是有佛教寺院,洞中宽广,水源清凉,都成为战乱时的民众保护神。据道光《忠州直隶州志》卷一载:“香沟洞,在州西北一百八十里红豆山下,其形巨石对列,高可数丈,彼此相倚,中空成洞,门户变幻,不可数计。其下水声汹汹,居民资以灌溉田亩。嘉庆初年,张有发多避难于内,贼匪以洞深广大,不敢轻入,保全甚众。”嘉庆之乱,即义和团之乱,史称教匪之乱,忠州民众死亡惨重。这些佛教化的山洞,对保全民众的生命和财产,作出了重大贡献。

Retribution for killing

通过对忠州佛寺的考察,让我们明白忠州佛教起源于东汉,以东汉墓中出土的佛像为代表。忠州龙兴寺为汉永平年间所建,是中国最早的佛寺之一,由此知道此时佛教已经传入忠州,并成为民俗信仰的重要组成部分。三国、两晋、南北朝,是忠州佛教的活跃期,大量高僧经长江流域,或在忠州弘法,或经忠州一刹而过,给忠州的佛教带来更为勃勃生机。隋唐时期是佛教的一个高峰,忠州出现了发开元寺、龙兴寺等一批官私大寺,并成为一地之景致。五代与宋元,忠州经战乱影响,佛教也受到重创,大量佛寺被兵所毁。明朝相当的安定,忠州佛教起死回生,现存文献中大量佛寺,多为明代所创修。忠州有治平寺、庆云寺等古刹,经吹万老人的开创而勃兴。明末清初的战乱,许多佛寺被毁,随着清朝移民政策的鼓励,大量外省移民流入忠州,忠州佛寺在聚云吹万老人弟子慧机等的努力下,再次进入中兴阶段。有清一代,忠州佛寺数以百计,再次见证了历史的兴衰与成败。

附古代忠州佛寺名单:

治平寺,在城东门外,即唐之龙兴寺也。康熙辛亥年知州刘肇孙重修,康熙庚寅勅赐振宗禅寺,俗名大寺。有唐杜甫题壁诗,宋陆游游龙兴寺吊少陵先生寓居。

巴台寺,在城西二里,即唐之龙昌上寺。按龙昌有三寺,一在山顶,一在山腰,一在山下。今山下大隐崖石刻犹存,庙基尚在。俗以汉平寺为龙昌寺非也。一统志乐天在忠州尝植柳龙昌寺旁,柳盛则寺兴,柳衰则寺败。僧护此柳比之甘棠云。唐白居易登龙昌上寺望江南山怀钱舍人,龙昌寺荷池,九日登巴台,明何异控巴台诗二首等,

准提庵,在州东一里白水溪上,创于明万历三十九年,康熙五十七年知州何通升重修。

白沙寺,在州西鸣玉溪,康熙二十年建,乾隆五十一年重修。

鸣玉庵,一名观音崖,乾隆中周光远募建。

白衣阁,在云根驿萧公殿后,明初建,乾隆中重修。

How to resolve the resentment in your heart?Here are three methods

聚云寺,在州北三目山麓,明吹万老人创,因老人名聚云,故以聚云名寺。明季毁于兵火,乾隆十九年知州五尔卿格重修,嘉庆十年僧继月复重修。

国朝周光禧重修聚云寺记:僧昆源托钵募化,昆源法孙继月又独力经营

敦一甲9寺:

普庆寺,太宁寺,福庆寺(Related micro-text ),Yin Temple (Master Da'an: Why do great virtues still suffer from serious illnesses throughout their life? ),太慈庵,石宝寨文昌宫,明玉印山天子殿,报恩寺,丛兴寺

敦二甲8寺:

金山寺,昙花寺,观音寺,紫荆寺,土主庙,兴隆寺,勅封寺,天台寺(June 11th )

敦三甲20寺:

Why can’t eggs be eaten? (space ),观音寺,石庙,漳渊寺,崇兴寺(Monday ),明善庆堂(closure ),明closure 子寺,一喝closure ,报恩closure ,观音closure ,龙会寺(Print this article ),明能仁寺(Yin Temple, every day ),明云崖寺,广积寺

Because I am received incense and piety every day

After reading this article, you will know your past life. It’s amazing! (衡山堂、福城山,有碑记,衡山和尚),statement (2),明普照寺(Save web pages to computer ),明初华藏庵(Repair yourself ),水口寺,汪家寺,大乘寺,建兴寺

敦五甲16寺:

观音庵,水月庵,关溪关帝庙,苏家庙,大雷观,祖师殿,护国堂(Reciting the Sentiment of Guanyin Bodhisattva ),文昌宫,东岳庙,甘井关帝庙,井主庙,净土庵(Watch it all in a row ),观音寺,黄滩关帝庙,大兴寺,金水寺

敦六甲15寺:

宋圆通寺(The story of Guanyin in three seeking ),Master Weijue: The 87th Annual Teaching of the Three Altars of Tathagata French on October 23, 87th (Once a small country came to China and paid tribute to three identical Jin people. The golden wall was brilliant, which made the emperor very happy.But this small country is not kind, and at the same time asked a question: Which of these three Jin people is the most valuable?The emperor thought of many ways and invited jewelers to check, weigh the weight, and workmanship, which were exactly the same.what to do?The messenger is still waiting to go back to report.A great country, won’t you not even understand this little thing, right?Finally, a former minister abdicated said he had a solution.The emperor invited the envoy to the hall. The old minister confidently held three straws and inserted them into the ears of the first golden man. The straw came out from the other ear.The straw of the second golden man fell out of his mouth, and the third golden man, once a small country came to China and paid tribute to three identical golden men. The golden wall was brilliant, which made the emperor very happy.But this small country is not kind, and at the same time asked a question: Which of these three Jin people is the most valuable?The emperor thought of many ways... ),Posting specifications and instructions (Achieve the Bodhisattva's position ),August 4, 2019 (Master Da'an: Why do great virtues still suffer from serious illnesses throughout their life? ),明天福寺(Master Weijue: The 87th Annual Teaching of the Three Altars of Tathagata, French, November 15, 1987 ),Superman (How can he break up his mother and son's relationship because of his mouth ),statement (4),圆觉庵,普乐寺,白鹤寺,报恩寺(Master Weijue: The 87th Annual Teaching of the Three Altars of Tathagata French on October 25, 87th ),Reading the Tripitaka (One day, I felt very bored in my heart, so I went to see the old monk Guangqin.After bowing, the first sentence of the old monk Guangqin asked: What are you doing now?I replied: Now I am studying the precepts and doing something for the Buddha, and preaching.The old monk said: Does the Buddha still want you to help him do things?You are doing it for yourself now, not for Buddha... )

敦七甲7寺:

Toolbox (June 11th ),Weibo Share (Details ),关帝庙,甘露堂(Link copied ),慈云洞,太阳寺,三会场关帝庙

敦八甲43寺:

广佛山,兴隆寺,慈云寺,朝阳观,八德堂(Killing tragic retribution ),Submit a comment (Large font ),Three One Minute Wisdom (荣兴庵,2),明华藏堂(Reciting the Mantra of Amitabha ),Tibetan calendar query (Once a small country came to China and paid tribute to three identical Jin people. The golden wall was brilliant, which made the emperor very happy.But this small country is not kind, and at the same time asked a question: Which of these three Jin people is the most valuable?The emperor thought of many ways and invited jewelers to check, weigh the weight, and workmanship, which were exactly the same.what to do?The messenger is still waiting to go back to report.A great country, won’t you not even understand this little thing, right?Finally, a former minister abdicated said he had a solution.The emperor invited the envoy to the hall. The old minister confidently held three straws and inserted them into the ears of the first golden man. The straw came out from the other ear.The straw of the second golden man fell out of his mouth, and the third golden man, once a small country came to China and paid tribute to three identical golden men. The golden wall was brilliant, which made the emperor very happy.But this small country is not kind, and at the same time asked a question: Which of these three Jin people is the most valuable?The emperor thought of many ways... ),statement (花桥寺,3),Article comments (spider ),The story of credit (盘石寨龙应堂),石鼓寺,观音堂,明罗官寺(兴云庵、永兴堂),明圆通寺(When the Bodhisattva of Pure Land was at the Tang Dynasty, there was a nun named Jingzhen who lived in Jishan Temple in Chang'an. He usually lived on begging for food and lived on life. He never became angry in his life and was deeply grateful for the paramita of forbearance.She recited the Diamond Sutra 100,000 times and focused on chanting Buddha's name, aiming to maintain peace and well.In July of the fifth year of Xianqing, she contracted a minor illness and told her disciples, "I have seen Amitabha ten times in these five months... ),Yin Temple, every day (A cup of tea ),石堰塘,宝胜寺,海珠寺,冷家寺,慈济堂,拔山寺statement ,拔山寺文昌宫(Master Da'an: Should you be a good person first when you want to be reborn? ),The theme of this website is mainly to promote vegetarian culture. The content is for reference only. Learning and communication does not represent the concept of this website. If it is unintentionally infringed on your rights (including (Personal privacy and other information) Please write to inform us. When this website receives information, it will immediately block or delete the content about you. Contact information: ),石庙,万仙洞,白云寺,观音堂,董家庙

Seeing the story of "Hundred Masters of Civil and Military" that is the liberation of the old lady

庙口垭statement ,中兴寺,观慈寺,唐王寺,明观龙寺,明智华寺,水口寺,宝峰寺(There are three things that need to be paid attention to when lay Buddhists "sacrificing for Buddha"! ),statement (3),石泉寺,明中峰寺,明大梵寺,明李家寺(Buddhist calendar inquiry ),龙山寺,明逥龙寺(There is ),明永兴庵

敦十甲9寺:

姚家寺,金龟堂,Click to contact us,关帝庙(3),宋龙翔寺(Release of animals in large quantities can change destiny and eliminate karma ),Worship Buddha and pray (三洞禅院,旁有玉皇殿,进士李允等碑之,寺极古),Click to contact us

崇一甲8寺:

Killing means killing your parents in your previous life (Reporting method: ),普贤庵,观音寺,明观音寺(Buddha's induction ),Small font (王家寺,有碑记,僧文慈),关帝庙,长寿庵(Cha Nanyin was a Zen master in the Meiji era in Japan.One day, a university professor came to ask him about Zen, and he only treated him with tea.He injected tea into the guest's cup until it was full, and then continued to inject it.The professor watched the tea overflowing out of the cup until he could no longer remain silent. He finally said: It has already spread out, don't pour it down again... )

崇二甲6寺:

宋宝光寺(碑记,僧道慧),大国寺,迎胜寺(Butcher put down his knife ),南宋福田寺,明大悲寺(Share QR code on WeChat ),Copy the link

崇三甲6寺:

Recently updated (Rejoice in merits, have infinite blessings, and change the destiny in this world! ),Hour ago (Bubble Dragon ),关帝庙,曲水庵,观音阁,佛耳崖

崇四甲8寺:

Master Da'an: I like reading scriptures but not chanting Buddha's name. What should I do (Article comments ),优昙寺,玉皇观,经堂寺,永兴寺(The story of practitioners and dogs ),Friends group (Site Map ),Really (罗家寺,古钟)

崇五甲18寺:

A must-read for a filial son: a short story that can free the mother's bardo! (毘卢寺、紫极殿),明三台寺,白花寺,释毗庵(Many people burn incense and worship Buddha, and the incense is very popular.exist ),明报德寺(Glorious ),明永兴寺(The story of practitioners and dogs ),明普乐寺,明弥陀洞(碑记,明代僧性阔创,明僧知一继之,清僧性宏、绍宗,Share on WeChat ),明观音洞(Share on WeChat ),明桐柏庵(昙花堂,有古钟,州牧翁氏诗文传世),Tibetan calendar query 2 (2)

崇六甲9寺:

Xiu went to the temple in the deep mountains alone to ask the Zen master.The Zen master asked: What are you doing here?The man said: I am here to practice Buddhism.The Zen Master replied: The Buddha has not been destroyed, so you don’t need to practice. You must first cultivate yourself. (明泰始间武略将军刘君镛,鸿胪寺序班刘宪来寺隐居处),关帝庙,罗家庙,岩口寺,天宫堂,圆通庵(Cha Nanyin was a Zen master in the Meiji era in Japan.One day, a university professor came to ask him about Zen, and he only treated him with tea.He injected tea into the guest's cup until it was full, and then continued to inject it.The professor watched the tea overflowing out of the cup until he could no longer remain silent. He finally said: It has already spread out, don't pour it down again... ),Community

崇七甲7寺:

中庵寺,古来寺,镇国寺,明玉皇观(front page ),观音阁,明悟空寺,明东明寺(僧东明,有诗文传世)

崇八甲8寺:

statement (望水寺,2),Is the focus of cultivating Pure Land Buddhism to cultivate filial piety? (圣寿寺,刺史碑记)

崇九甲15寺:

Preparation No. 17004360-8 (The story of revenge of the water ghost ),Weibo Share (Master Weijue: The 87th Annual Teaching of the Three Altars of Tathagata, the French on October 2018 ),江家寺,佛灵堂,太平观,太宁寺(The Rainbow Bridge of the Dakini---The Story of a Great Achievement Exalted by the Meeting ),玉皇观,长安寺,关帝庙,观音寺,天宁寺,广照寺,塔院(铁壁慧机圆寂处,举人朱职碑记,谥赐妙光,别庵性统为帝所重,三山老人亦同),Master Weijue: The origin of the opening of the Zhongtai Zen Temple 90.09.01 (三山Master Weijue: The origin of the opening of the Zhongtai Zen Temple 90.09.01 祇园垂训碑记,其住持兴龙、五云、高峰诸寺),明永兴庵(Advice for women with abortion )

崇十甲11寺:

明龙居寺(Share QR code on WeChat ),忠丰寺,石盘寺,明檀林寺,黄汛观,石佛堂,铁山寺,西来庵,姜家寺,华严寺,明姚家庙

废寺22处:

元妙观,圆通观,严公祠,甘严二公祠,普宁院,景德殿,卢家寺,白云寺,明拔山寺,一斋寺,半边寺,明宝胜寺,和尚坪,楠木寺,杜家庙,圣教庵(Wisdom story ),清河寺,戚家寺,白云寺,逥龙庵,明庵子寺,明宝胜寺